The Pregnancy Microbiome: The Link Between Maternal Periodontitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Opinion by Irosha Rukmali Perera in Women health journal_ Gynecology Open access Journal
The contagious environment of the oral cavity supports
a complex microbial community. Accordingly, the oral cavity
harbours the second most diverse microbial community in the
body (being second only to the gut) with around 1000 species
and many of them are uncultivated bacteria [1]. Humans depend
on commensal bacteria for
nutritive, immune modulation and
maintaining
health [2]. An array of physiological and pathological
status such as the obesity and metabolic syndrome has been
implicated for microbial changes in body sites termed as ‘dysbiosis’.
Moreover, microbial changes could result in several body habitats
such as the gut, oral cavity and vagina due to alterations in diet,
environment, weight and hormones. Hence, significant microbial
changes occur with regard to aforementioned body habitats as well
as in placenta, during pregnancy which denotes a unique milestone
in a woman’s life demonstrating weight gain, metabolic changes,
endocrinal and immunological changes [3]. A growing body of
research evidence substantiates the influential role of human
microbiome, as characterized by next generation sequencing
technologies in maternal and child health outcomes including
preterm birth, cardio-metabolic complications of pregnancy such
as preeclampsia and gestational weight gain [3]. Nevertheless,
microbial changes occurring in pregnancy could be considered as a
natural consequence of a healthy pregnancy as well [4]. However, it
is not so with mothers’ poor oral health status which provides the
possible link between maternal periodontitis and increased risk of
adverse
pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight, pre-term
birth weight, pre-eclampsia [5-7]. This brief description provides
some updated evidence-based insights in this regard.
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